{"id":284096,"date":"2020-08-26T20:03:02","date_gmt":"2020-08-26T13:03:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/quipperhome.wpcomstaging.com\/?p=284096"},"modified":"2020-08-26T20:03:02","modified_gmt":"2020-08-26T13:03:02","slug":"fotosintesis-reaksi-gelap-biologi-kelas-12-k13-revisi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/quipperhome.wpcomstaging.com\/mapel\/biologi\/fotosintesis-reaksi-gelap-biologi-kelas-12-k13-revisi\/","title":{"rendered":"Fotosintesis: Reaksi Gelap &#8211; Biologi Kelas 12 K13 Revisi"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_284101\" style=\"width: 810px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-284101\" class=\"size-full wp-image-284101\" src=\"https:\/\/quipperhome.wpcomstaging.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reaksi-Gelap-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quipperhome.wpcomstaging.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reaksi-Gelap-2.png 800w, https:\/\/quipperhome.wpcomstaging.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reaksi-Gelap-2-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/quipperhome.wpcomstaging.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reaksi-Gelap-2-585x390.png?crop=1 585w, https:\/\/quipperhome.wpcomstaging.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reaksi-Gelap-2-263x175.png?crop=1 263w, https:\/\/quipperhome.wpcomstaging.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reaksi-Gelap-2-300x200.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-284101\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Foto: pexels.com<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hai Quipperian, bagaimana kabarnya? Semoga selalu sehat dan tetap semangat belajar, ya.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kutub utara merupakan salah satu tempat yang jarang mendapatkan cahaya matahari. Meskipun demikian, banyak hewan yang bisa hidup di tempat tersebut. Kira-kira, dari mana hewan-hewan itu mendapatkan sumber energi ya, kan tidak ada matahari? Hewan tersebut mendapatkan energi dari makanan.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ternyata, hal itu juga terjadi pada tumbuhan, <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lho<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Tumbuhan masih bisa berfotosintesis meskipun tanpa bantuan cahaya matahari. Fotosintesis yang berlangsung tanpa bantuan cahaya matahari biasa disebut reaksi gelap. Ingin tahu selengkapnya? <\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check this out<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">!<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Pengertian Reaksi Gelap<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_284102\" style=\"width: 810px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-284102\" class=\"size-full wp-image-284102\" src=\"https:\/\/quipperhome.wpcomstaging.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reaksi-Gelap-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quipperhome.wpcomstaging.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reaksi-Gelap-1.png 800w, https:\/\/quipperhome.wpcomstaging.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reaksi-Gelap-1-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/quipperhome.wpcomstaging.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reaksi-Gelap-1-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-284102\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Foto: pexels.com<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mungkin kamu akan mengenal istilah reaksi gelap sebagai reaksi Calvin. Hal itu karena reaksi ini ditemukan oleh seorang ilmuwan bernama Melvin Calvin. Apa itu reaksi gelap? Reaksi gelap adalah reaksi pada fotosintesis yang berlangsung di dalam stroma dan tidak memerlukan cahaya matahari sebagai sumber energinya.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lalu, dari manakah energi reaksi gelap? Pada pembahasan sebelumnya, kamu sudah belajar tentang reaksi terang. Seperti kamu ketahui, reaksi terang menghasilkan NADPH, ATP, dan oksigen. Nah, ATP yang dihasilkan dari reaksi terang itulah yang nantinya menjadi sumber energi bagi reaksi gelap. Meskipun istilahnya gelap, reaksi ini tetap berlangsung di siang hari. Selain ATP, reaksi gelap juga membutuhkan senyawa lain, yaitu NADPH dan CO<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Tahapan Reaksi Gelap<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_284100\" style=\"width: 810px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-284100\" class=\"size-full wp-image-284100\" src=\"https:\/\/quipperhome.wpcomstaging.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reaksi-Gelap-3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quipperhome.wpcomstaging.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reaksi-Gelap-3.png 800w, https:\/\/quipperhome.wpcomstaging.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reaksi-Gelap-3-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/quipperhome.wpcomstaging.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reaksi-Gelap-3-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-284100\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Foto: pexels.com<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reaksi terang berlangsung dalam tiga tahapan, yaitu sebagai berikut.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong>1. Fiksasi CO<\/strong><sub><strong>2<\/strong><\/sub><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tahap fiksasi ini diawali dengan pengikatan (fiksasi) karbondioksida dan senyawa ribulosa bifosfat (RuBP) oleh enzim rubisco. Pengikatan ini akan mengakibatkan terbentuknya molekul 6 atom karbon yang tidak stabil. Kemudian, molekul ini pecah menjadi 12 molekul asam fosfogliserat (PGA).<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong>2. Reduksi senyawa PGA<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tahap reduksi senyawa PGA, fosfat akan diterima PGA dari ATP. Hal itu mengakibatkan terbentuknya senyawa 1,3 bifosfogliserat. Lalu, senyawa 1,3 bifosfogliserat akan direduksi oleh NADPH menjadi senyawa fosfo gliseraldehid-3P (PGAL). PGAL yang terbentuk akan digunakan sebagai bahan baku glukosa dan pembentukan RuBP.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong>3. Regenerasi RuBP<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Senyawa PGAL yang menerima fosfat dari ATP akan diubah kembali menjadi RuBP.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Untuk lebih jelasnya, simak bagan berikut.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-284099\" src=\"https:\/\/quipperhome.wpcomstaging.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reaksi-Gelap-a.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"418\" height=\"477\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quipperhome.wpcomstaging.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reaksi-Gelap-a.png 418w, https:\/\/quipperhome.wpcomstaging.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reaksi-Gelap-a-263x300.png 263w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 418px) 100vw, 418px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Untuk rangkuman lebih mudahnya adalah sebagai berikut.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6 molekul RuBP memfiksasi 6 molekul CO<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2 <\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dengan bantuan enzim rubisco. Akibatnya, terbentuk 6 molekul dengan 6 atom C yang tidak stabil. Ke-6 molekul inilah kemudian pecah menjadi 12 molekul 3-fosfogliserat (PGA).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">12 molekul PGA akan mendapatkan 12 gugus fosfat dari 12 ATP. Hal ini mengakibatkan terbentuknya 12 molekul 1,3 bifosfogliserat.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">12 molekul 1,3 bifosfogliserat akan menerima ion H<\/span><sup><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+ <\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dari NADPH, sehingga tereduksi menjadi 12 molekul fosfogliseraldehid-3P (PGAL).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Setelah menerima 6 gugus fosfat dari 6 ATP, 10 molekul PGAL akan beregenerasi menjadi RuBP kembali.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2 molekul PGAL lainnya saling bergabung membentuk 1 molekul glukosa (C<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">H<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">12<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jelaslah bahwa hasil akhir reaksi gelap adalah glukosa.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Agar pemahamanmu semakin terasah, simak contoh soal berikut.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Contoh Soal 1<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Salah satu reaksi fotosintesis disebut reaksi gelap karena\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: upper-alpha;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">berlangsung pada malam hari<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hanya berlangsung pada siang hari<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tidak memerlukan energi dari cahaya matahari<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tidak bisa menyerap spektrum cahaya biru dan merah<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">terjadi di luar kloroplas<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Pembahasan:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reaksi gelap pada fotosintesis tetap berlangsung siang hari. Namun, reaksi ini tidak memerlukan cahaya matahari sebagai sumber energinya. Energi yang digunakan di reaksi gelap berasal dari ATP dan NADPH yang dihasilkan dari reaksi terang.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jadi, salah satu reaksi fotosintesis disebut reaksi gelap karena tidak memerlukan energi dari cahaya matahari.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jawaban: C<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Contoh Soal 2<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urutan perubahan senyawa pada reaksi gelap yang benar adalah\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: upper-alpha;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RuBP <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-&gt;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> PGA <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-&gt;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> PGAL <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-&gt;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> glukosa<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PGA <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-&gt;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> PGAL <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-&gt;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> glukosa <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-&gt;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> RuBP<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PGAL <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-&gt;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> PGA <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-&gt;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> RuBP <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-&gt;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> glukosa<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Glukosa <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-&gt;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> PGA <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-&gt;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> PGAL <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-&gt;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> RuBP<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RuBP <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-&gt;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> PGA <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-&gt;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> glukosa <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-&gt;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> PGAL<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Pembahasan:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Proses pembentukan glukosa pada reaksi gelap dapat diurutkan sebagai berikut.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RuBP memfiksasi CO<sub>2<\/sub> menjadi senyawa PGA.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Senyawa PGA direduksi menjadi senyawa PGAL oleh ATP dan NADPH.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sebagian senyawa PGAL akan disintesis menjadi glukosa.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jadi, urutan perubahan yang benar pada reaksi gelap adalah RuBP <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-&gt;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> PGA <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-&gt;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> PGAL <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-&gt;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> glukosa.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jawaban: A<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Contoh Soal 3<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perhatikan siklus Calvin berikut.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-284098\" src=\"https:\/\/quipperhome.wpcomstaging.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reaksi-Gelap-b.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"439\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https:\/\/quipperhome.wpcomstaging.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reaksi-Gelap-b.png 439w, https:\/\/quipperhome.wpcomstaging.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Reaksi-Gelap-b-271x300.png 271w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 439px) 100vw, 439px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bagian yang ditunjukkan oleh nomor 1, 2, dan 3 berturut-turut adalah\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: upper-alpha;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PGAL, senyawa karbon labil, dan ADP<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PGAL, senyawa karbon labil, dan CO2<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PGAL, ATP, dan senyawa karbon labil<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">senyawa karbon labil, ADP, dan PGAL<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">senyawa karbon labil, PGAL, dan ATP<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Pembahasan:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Berdasarkan bagan tersebut diketahui:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nomor 1: senyawa karbon labil.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Senyawa ini merupakan hasil fiksasi CO<sub>2<\/sub> oleh RuBP.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nomor 2: ADP<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Senyawa ini terbentuk setelah satu gugus fosfatnya digunakan untuk mengubah senyawa karbon labil menjadi PGA.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nomor 3: PGAL<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Senyawa PGAL memiliki nama lain fosfogliseraldehid-3P.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jadi, nomor 1, 2, dan 3 berturut-turut adalah senyawa karbon labil, ADP, dan PGAL.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jawaban: D<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Itulah pembahasan Quipper Blog tentang reaksi gelap. 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Semoga selalu sehat dan tetap semangat belajar, ya. Kutub utara merupakan salah satu tempat yang jarang mendapatkan cahaya matahari. 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