{"id":301781,"date":"2021-08-05T17:59:00","date_gmt":"2021-08-05T10:59:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/quipperhome.wpcomstaging.com\/?p=301781"},"modified":"2022-07-30T11:56:38","modified_gmt":"2022-07-30T04:56:38","slug":"archaebacteria","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/quipperhome.wpcomstaging.com\/mapel\/biologi\/archaebacteria\/","title":{"rendered":"Archaebacteria: Ciri-Ciri, Klasifikasi, dan Manfaat"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Masih ingat dengan sistem klasifikasi lima kingdom milik Robert Whittaker (1969)? Ada Animalia, Plantae, Monera, Protista, dan Fungi. Salah satu kingdom, yakni kingdom Monera, diklasifikasikan kembali menjadi archaebacteria dan eubacteria. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nah, kali ini Quipper Blog akan membahas tentang archaebacteria, nih.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Archaebacteria berasal dari bahasa Yunani, <\/span>\u2018archaio\u2019<\/span><\/i>, yang artinya kuno. Kenapa dinamakan seperti itu? Ternyata archaebacteria dianggap sebagai sel-sel paling awal di bumi oleh para ahli, Quipperian!<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Archaebacteria hidup pada lingkungan yang ekstrem seperti halnya lingkungan pada kehidupan awal di muka bumi, contohnya sumber air panas dan telaga garam.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ciri-Ciri Archaebacteria<\/b><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Archaebacteria memiliki beberapa ciri khusus, yaitu:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. Dinding selnya tidak mengandung senyawa kimia peptidoglikan, melainkan tersusun atas senyawa glikoprotein, polisakarida, dan protein.<\/span><\/li>
  2. Membran selnya tersusun atas lemak unit isopren dan ikatan eter.<\/span><\/li>
  3. Tidak ada membran sel pada inti selnya, yang menjadikannya disebut prokariotik.<\/span><\/li>
  4. RNA ribosomnya adalah metionin.<\/span><\/li>
  5. Mempunyai beberapa jenis RNA polimerase.<\/span><\/li>
  6. Dalam pertumbuhannya, ia tidak terhambat oleh antibiotik streptomisin dan kloramfenikol.<\/span><\/li>
  7. Seperti yang dijelaskan di bagian awal, lingkungan hidupnya merupakan tempat-tempat ekstrem. Contoh tempat ekstrem ini ialah lingkungan dengan kadar garam yang tinggi, suhu yang tinggi, atau wilayah yang tidak ditemui oksigen melainkan penuh dengan metana.<\/span><\/li>
  8. Dalam bereproduksi, ia melakukan berbagai cara seperti pembelahan biner, pembelahan berganda, pembentukan tunas, serta fragmentasi.<\/span><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Pengelompokkan Archaebacteria<\/b><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Archaebacteria dikelompokan menjadi tiga berdasarkan metabolisme dan ekologinya. Tiga kelompok tersebut yaitu:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. Metanogen<\/b><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Archaebacteria yang tergolong ke dalam kelompok metanogen adalah mereka yang dapat membentuk gas metana (CH<\/span>4<\/span>) karena adanya proses reduksi karbon dioksida (CO<\/span>2<\/span>) dengan menggunakan hidrogen (H<\/span>2<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kelompok ini adalah anaerob kemosintetik, yakni kelompok mikroorganisme yang tidak membutuhkan oksigen bebas karena dapat menyusun makanannya sendiri dengan sumber energi kimia. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sifat ini menjadikan kelompok metanogen hidup dalam lingkungan dengan kadar oksigen rendah, misalnya lumpur rawa. Sisa-sisa tumbuhan yang mati akan dibusukkan untuk menghasilkan metana. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Contohnya ialah <\/span>Methanobacterium, Methanococcus, <\/span><\/i>dan <\/span>Methanomonas.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Struktur DNA, protein, dan membran sel kelompok ini sudah beradaptasi, sehingga menjadikannya dapat hidup dengan baik pada suhu tinggi (98\u00b0C) dan akan mati pada suhu di bawah 84\u00b0C.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ada pula anggota kelompok metanogen lainnya yang dapat bersimbiosis dengan rumen herbivor atau saluran pencernaan rayap dalam hal fermentasi selulosa. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Misalnya, <\/span>Ruminococcus albus <\/span><\/i>yang dapat menghidrolisis glukosa dan <\/span>Succimonas amylotica <\/span><\/i>yang dapat menghidrosis amilum.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Dengan perannya sebagai dekomposer, kelompok ini dimanfaatkan saat melakukan pengolahan limbah organik untuk menghasilkan metana. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kemudian, gas metana tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2. Halofilik (halofili ekstrem)<\/b><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Kata halofilik sendiri berasal dari kata <\/span>\u2018halo\u2019<\/span><\/i> yang artinya garam dan <\/span>\u2018philos\u2019<\/span><\/i> yang berarti suka. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tidak heran, archaebacteria yang tergolong ke dalam kelompok halofilik adalah mereka yang memiliki sifat heterotrof dan hidup di lingkungan dengan kadar garam tinggi, seperti di danau air asin dan Laut Mati.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Untuk menghasilkan energi, sejumlah anggota kelompok halofilik melakukan respirasi secara aerob. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sejumlah anggota lainnya dapat pula melakukan fotosintesis dengan dibantu oleh pigmen bakteriorhodopsin seperti <\/span>Halobacterium.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    3. Termoasidofilik (termofili ekstrem)<\/b><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Archaebacteria yang tergolong ke dalam kelompok termoasidofilik adalah mereka yang dapat hidup di habitat yang tidak hanya bersuhu tinggi, tetapi juga bersifat asam. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Suhu optimum bagi kehidupan kelompok ini berkisar di antara 60\u00b0C hingga 80\u00b0C dengan pH 2 hingga 4.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ketahanan kelompok ini terhadap panas diperoleh dari DNA-nya yang memiliki banyak komposisi pasangan basa nitrogen sitosin dan guanin.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kelompok termoasidofilik dapat hidup di mata air panas bersulfur, Yellowstone National Park di Amerika Serikat. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Contoh dari anggota kelompok ini ialah <\/span>Sulfolobus<\/span><\/i> yang mendapatkan energi dengan cara melakukan oksidasi terhadap sulfur.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Manfaat Archaebacteria<\/b><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Dengan sifat-sifat uniknya, tentu saja ada sejumlah manfaat yang dimiliki oleh archaebacteria. Di antaranya adalah:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. Menghasilkan enzim yang dapat dicampurkan pada deterjen atau sabun cuci yang bisa meningkatkan kemampuannya pada suhu dan pH tinggi.<\/span><\/li>
    2. Menghasilkan enzim yang dapat mengubah pati jagung menjadi dekstrin di industri makanan.<\/span><\/li>
    3. Membantu dalam hal mengatasi pencemaran, misalnya menguraikan tumpahan minyak di laut.<\/span><\/li>
    4. Memiliki peran dalam menghasilkan sumber energi alternatif, seperti biogas.<\/span><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      Apakah Archaebacteria Dapat Membawa Kerugian?<\/b><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
      \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      Beberapa archaebacteria dapat membawa kerugian bagi manusia, misalnya mempercepat pembusukan pada ikan laut dan diketahui dapat menyebabkan sejumlah penyakit, misalnya artritis.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Namun, jangan khawatir, kerugian ini dapat dihindari dengan melakukan pengawetan dan pengolahan makanan, menjaga kebersihan, hingga imunisasi.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Sekian informasi tentang archaebacteria, Quipperian! Semoga informasi ini dapat bermanfaat untukmu, ya. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Psst<\/span><\/i>, masih banyak informasi tentang biologi lainnya yang bisa kamu cari di <\/span>Quipper Video<\/b><\/a> lengkap dengan video tutornya. Yuk, segera bergabung!<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Penulis: Evita<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Masih ingat dengan sistem klasifikasi lima kingdom milik Robert Whittaker (1969)? Ada Animalia, Plantae, Monera, Protista, dan Fungi. Salah satu kingdom, yakni kingdom Monera,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":99400369,"featured_media":301787,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[679384870,679384888],"tags":[679386736],"ppma_author":[679386827],"class_list":["post-301781","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biologi","category-mapel","tag-materi-biologi-kelas-10"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nArchaebacteria: Ciri-Ciri, Klasifikasi, dan Manfaat - 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